2.1 What Is a Number?
Having taught assembly language programming for many years, I've discovered that most people don't understand the fundamental difference between a number and the representation of that number. Most of the time this confusion is harmless. However, many algorithms depend upon the internal and external representations we use for numbers to operate correctly and efficiently. If you do not understand the difference between the abstract concept of a number and the representation of that number, you'll have trouble understanding, using, or creating such algorithms. Fully understanding this difference could take you from creating some mediocre code to creating great code.

A number is an intangible, abstract, concept. It is an intellectual device that we use to denote quantity. Let's say I were to tell you that 'some book has one hundred pages.' You could touch the pages - they are tangible. You could even count those pages to verify that there are one hundred of them. However, 'one hundred' is simply an abstraction that I would be applying to the book as a way of describing its size.

The important thing to realize is that the following is not one hundred:

100

This is nothing more than ink on paper forming certain lines and curves. You might recognize this sequence of symbols as a representation of one hundred, but this is not the actual value 100. It's just three symbols appearing on this page. It isn't even the only representation for one hundred - consider the following, which are all different representations of the value one hundred:

100
decimal representation

C
Roman numeral representation

6416
base 16/hexadecimal representation

11001002
base two/binary representation

1448
base eight/octal representation

one hundred
English representation

The representation of a number is (generally) some sequence of symbols. For example, the common representation of the value one hundred, '100,' is really a sequence of three numeric digits: the digit 1 followed by the digit 0 followed by a second 0 digit. Each of these digits has some specific meaning, but we could have just as easily used the sequence '64' to represent the value one hundred. Even the individual digits that comprise this representation of 100 are not numbers. They are numeric digits, tools we use to represent numbers, but they are not numbers themselves.